​FORENSIC MATERIALS: blood & other tissue simulants

• Giroux E,‡ Westerik M†, Stotesbury T*. Development of enzyme- and protein- functionalized alginate hydrogels with luminol catalytic functionality for use as forensic blood substitutes. Applied Bio Materials, 2025; https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c00945 

• Orr A‡, Wilson P, Stotesbury T*. Alginate/Xanthan gum hydrogels as forensic blood substitutes for bloodstain formation and analysis. Soft Matter. 2023 19(20):3711-3722. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SM00341H (preprint on ChemRxiv 10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-kjwkq)

• Orr A‡, Wilson P, Stotesbury T*. DNA crosslinked alginate hydrogels: Characterization, microparticle development and applications in forensic science. ACS Applied Polymer Materials. Dec 2022 5(1):583-92.  https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsapm.2c01673 (also on chemRxiv 10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-j329q)

• Orr A‡, Wilson P*, Stotesbury T*. Calcium-Alginate Tissue Gels (CATG): Proof-of-Concept Biomaterial Development. Forensic Science International. 2021 Oct 13:111055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111055

• Orr A‡, Gualdieri R†, Cossette ML†, Shafer A, Stotesbury T*.  Whole bovine blood use in forensic research: Sample preparation and storage considerations. Science & Justice. 2021 May 1;61(3):214-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2021.02.004

• Polacco S‡, Wilson P*, Illes M, Vreugdenhil A, Stotesbury T*. Luminol reagent control materials in bloodstain pattern analysis: A silicon sol-gel polymer alternative. Forensic Chemistry. 2019 March;12(1):91-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2019.01.002

• Polacco S‡, Illes M, Wilson P*, Stotesbury T*. Quantifying chemiluminescence of the forensic luminol test for ovine blood in a dilution and time series. Forensic Science International. 2018 Sept;290(1):36-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.06.026

• Polacco S†, Illes M*, Stotesbury T. The use of a forensic blood substitute for impact pattern area of origin estimation via three trajectory analysis programs. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal. 2018 May 25;51(2):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2018.1463274

• Stotesbury T, Illes M*, Wilson P*, Vreugdenhil A*. The application of silicon sol-gel technology to forensic blood substitute development: investigation of the spreading dynamics onto a paper surface. Forensic Science International. 2017 June;275(1):308-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.03.020

• Stotesbury T, Illes M*, Wilson P*, Vreugdenhil AJ*. The application of silicon sol-gel technology to forensic blood substitute development: mimicking aspects of whole human blood rheology. Forensic Science International. 2017 Jan;270(1):12-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.012

• Stotesbury T, Taylor MC*, Jermy MC*. Simulated transfer dynamics of blood onto cardboard and comparison to simple fluids for blood substitute development and assessment. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal. 2016 Dec;50(1):30-41. https://doi.org/10/1080/00085030.2017.1258209

• Stotesbury T, Taylor MC*, Jermy MC*. Passive drip stain formation dynamics of blood onto hard surfaces and comparison to simple fluids for blood substitute development and assessment. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2017 Jan;62(1):74-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13217

• Illes M*, Bruce C, Hanley-Dafoe R, Stotesbury T. Novel technological approaches for pedagogy in forensic science: A case study in bloodstain pattern analysis. Forensic Science Policy & Management: An International Journal . 2016 Oct 11;7(3-4):87-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/19409044.2016.1218573

• Stotesbury T, Bruce C, Illes M*, Hanley-Dafoe R. Design considerations for the implementation of artificial fluids as blood substitutes for educational and training use in the forensic sciences. Forensic Science Policy & Management: An International Journal. 2016 Oct 11;7(3-4):81-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/19409044.2016.1218574

• Stotesbury T, Illes M*, Wilson P*, Vreugdenhil AJ*. A commentary on synthetic blood substitute research and development. Journal of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. 31(2):3-6.

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Beyond Forensics: blood properties

• Kennedy B‡, Mirza S†, Mandiangu T†, Bissinger R, Stotesbury T, Jones-Taggart H, Green-Johnson J, Qadri S*. Examination of bovine red blood cell death in vitro in response to pathophyiologic proapoptotic stimuli. Frontiers in Bioscience; 28(12),311: https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl12331  

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FORENSIC CHEMISTRY: aging & other analytical methods

• Ho J‡, Stock NL, Mangal V, Forbes S, Stotesbury T*. A holistic approach to understanding biochemical degradation of human tissues using high resolution MALDI MS. Analyst; 2025; 150:3825-3837. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5AN00588D.

• Giroux E‡, Ebralidze I, Stotesbury T*. Influence of anticoagulant on the spectroscopic analysis of drying blood pools. Journal of Forensic Sciences; Sept 2025;70(5):1733-45. http://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.70088.

• Elliott C‡, Simmons DBD, Stotesbury T*. Integrating time since deposition estimation of bloodstains into a DNA workflow: A novel approach using fluorescence spectroscopy. Talanta; 2025;127234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2024.127234 (preprint also on chemRxiv 10.26434/chemrxiv-2024-2cnk8)

• Giroux E‡, Ebralidze I, Stotesbury T*. Elemental and molecular characterization of degrading blood pools. Analyst, 2023;148:4300-4309.  https://doi.org/10.1039/D3AN01094E (see inside front cover!)

• K Rampete†, Elliott C‡, Stotesbury T*. Monitoring the solid state VIS profiles of degrading bloodstains. Forensic Chemistry. 26 May 2023 100507:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2023.100507 (preprint on chemRxiv 10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-j3glh)

• Elliott C‡, Shafer ABA*, Stotesbury T*. The crux of time: A meta-analysis of ex-vivo whole blood degradation. Frontiers in Analytical Science – Forensic Chemistry. Oct 2022; 2(928573):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/frans.2022.9285 >> Special Issue in: Editor’s Showcase: Forensic Chemistry

• Tiessen M‡, Fruehwald HM‡, Easton EB*, Stotesbury T*. Insights into bloodstain degradation and time since deposition estimation using electrochemistry. Frontiers in Analytical Science – Forensic Chemistry. 8 June 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/frans.2022.900483 >> Special Issue in: Luminescence and electrochemical methods: analysis of physical evidence

• Elliott C†, Stotesbury T*, Shafer ABA*. Using total RNA quality metrics for time since deposition estimates in degrading bloodstains. Journal of Forensic Science. 5 June 2022;67(5):1776-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15072

• Yeh K†, Castel S‡, Stock NL, Stotesbury T, Burr W*. subMALDI: an open framework R package for processing irregularly-spaced mass spectrometry data. Journal of Open Source Software. 2021 Sept 10. https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.02694 

• Stotesbury T*, Cossette ML†, Newell-Bell T†, Shafer ABA*. An exploratory time since deposition analysis of whole blood using metrics of DNA degradation and visible absorbance spectroscopy. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 2021 Mar 1;178(3):735-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-02494-0

• Tiessen M†, Stock NL*, Stotesbury T*. Untargeted SPME-GC-MS characterization of VOCs released from spray paint. Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2021 Feb;59(2):103-11. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmaa082

• Cossette ML†, Stotesbury T*, Shafer ABA*. Quantifying visible absorbance changes and DNA degradation in aging bloodstains under extreme temperatures. Forensic Science International. 2021 Jan;318(1):110627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110627

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FORENSIC SCIENCE: practitioner-centric research

• Pachong SMΔ, Alavi A‡, Kannan S‡, Stotesbury T*, Lewis P*. Unsupervised machine learning for the detection and interpretation of key features in drip patterns. Forensic Science International, 2026;378:112669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112669

• Kannan S‡, Pachong SMΔ, Lewis P*, Stotesbury T*. A dataset of drip patterns for teaching and research purposes. Data in Brief: 2025; 111352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2025.111352.

• Harvey J†, Liscio E*, Lowe A*, Stotesbury T*. Recovery of Footwear Impression Evidence Using Portable 3D Scanning Technologies. Journal of Forensic Identification; Mar 2024;90/74(1).

• Vale B†, Orr A‡, Elliott C‡, Stotesbury T*. Optical profilometry for forensic bloodstain imaging. Microscopy Research and Technique, 1-8.Oct 2023;86(10):1401-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.24338  (also on Authorea 0.22541/au.167329934.45531674/v1)

• Plante J‡, Orr A†, Albrecht I, Wyard L, Boyd P, Stotesbury T*. Drip stains formed on ice and snow: an observational study. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal. 2021 April 1;54(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.1880726

• Yeh K†, Stock NL*, Burr W*, Stotesbury T*. Preliminary analysis of latent fingerprints recovered from underneath bloodstains using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI FT-ICR MS). Forensic Chemistry. 2020 Aug;20(1):100274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2020.100274

• Orr A‡, Stotesbury T*, Wilson P*, Stock NL*. The use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the analysis of DNA and other macromolecules: a how-to guide for forensic chemistry. Forensic Chemistry. 2019 June;14(1):100169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2019.100169

• Orr A†, Illes M*, Beland J*, Stotesbury T*. Validation of Sherlock, a linear trajectory analysis program for use in bloodstain pattern analysis. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal. 2019 Mar 4;52(2):78-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2019.1577793

• Stotesbury T, Illes M*, Vreugdenhil AJ*. High-speed video analysis of crown formation dynamics of controlled weapon-head impacts onto three surface types. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal. 2017 Feb;50(2):64-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1281628

• Stotesbury T, Illes M, Jermy MC*, Taylor MC*, Wilhelm J, Vreugdenhil AJ. Three physical factors that affect the crown growth of the impact mechanism and its implications for bloodstain pattern analysis. Forensic Science International. 2016 Sept;266(1):254-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.038

• Illes M*, Stotesbury T. Development of an application method for a zone stain selection model in bloodstain pattern analysis. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal. 2016;49(1):19-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2015.1108541

• Kabaliuk N, Jermy MC*, Morison K, Stotesbury T, Taylor MC*, Williams E. Blood drop size in passive dripping from weapons. Forensic Science International. 2013 May 10;228(1):75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.02.023

• Stotesbury T, Illes M*, Vreugdenhil A*. Investigation of physical effects of Acid Yellow 7 enhancement on dark and non-porous surfaces in impact pattern area of origin estimation. Canadian Society of Forensic Sciences Journal. 2012;45(1):22-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/0085030.2012.10757182

• Nowack L, Collins R, Li G, Carter AL, Illes M, Gorman V, Larocque S, Stotesbury T, Yamashita B*. Computer analysis of bloodstain patterns on angled surfaces. Journal of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. 27(3):17-28.

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PEDAGOGICAL RESEARCH

• Illes M*, Bruce C, Stotesbury T, Hanley-Dafoe R. A study on student engagement within a forensic science course. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research at Trent. 2018 Aug 28;1(1):55-70. https://ojs.trentu.ca/ojs/index.php/jmrt/article/view/279

• Beresford D*, Stotesbury T*, Langer S, Illes M, Kyle C, Yamashita B. Bridging the gap between academia and practice: perspectives from two large-scale and niche research projects in Canada. Science & Justice 2020 Jan 1;60(1):95-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2019.09.005

• Illes M*, Bruce C, Hanley-Dafoe R, Stotesbury T. Novel technological approaches for pedagogy in forensic science: A case study in bloodstain pattern analysis. Forensic Science Policy & Management: An International Journal . 2016 Oct 11;7(3-4):87-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/19409044.2016.1218573

• Stotesbury T, Bruce C, Illes M*, Hanley-Dafoe R. Design considerations for the implementation of artificial fluids as blood substitutes for educational and training use in the forensic sciences. Forensic Science Policy & Management: An International Journal. 2016 Oct 11;7(3-4):81-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/19409044.2016.1218574

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OTHER: corrosion resistant coatings & passive sampling devices 

• Shetranjiwalla S, Vreugenhil A*, Stotesbury T. Waterborne epoxy-thiol silica sol-gel coatings: impact of crosslinking on corrosion protection. Journal of Sol Gel Science and Technology. 2018 July 28;87(2):504-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-018-4739-2

• PATENT: Vreugdenhil AJ, Stotesbury TE, inventors; TRENT UNIVERSITY, assignee. Anti-corrosion sol-gel material. United States patent US 10,457,562. 2019 Oct 29.

• Zhou Y, Stotesbury T, Dimock B, Vreugdenhil AJ, Hintelmann H*. Novel silica sol-gel passive sampler for mercury monitoring in aqueous systems. Chemosphere. 2013 Jan;90(2):323-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.022

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